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Banner image: Marches through the streets of Glasgow during the two weeks of COP26. (Credit: The Left)听

The 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference of the Parties, a.k.a. COP26, concluded Sunday in Scotland, after two lively weeks of protests, events and negotiations between diplomats from 197 countries that vowed nearly three decades ago to do something about our warming planet.听

Their main objective? To establish a rulebook spelling out what countries will do to comply with the 2015 Paris Agreement and limit global warming to no more than 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit (2 degrees Celsius) above pre-industrial levels, aiming for a more ambitious 2.7 F (1.5 C) limit.听

The conference, 蜜糖直播 Boulder experts say, was different in many ways from its 25 predecessors.

and youth participation were unprecedented. And the resulting Glasgow Climate Pact, while vaguely worded, was a major accomplishment, constituting the first U.N. climate deal to explicitly mention the need to move away from coal power and subsidies for fossil fuels. Many nations, including the U.S., also agreed to reduce methane emissions 30% by 2030.听

This on its own is not enough, say faculty members, . Country leaders must now follow through at home with concrete policies.听

The agreed upon pact also calls on governments to return to COP27 next year in Egypt with even stronger plans鈥攖o cut their emissions in half by 2030鈥攊f the planet is to have any hope of, as they put it, 鈥渒eeping 1.5 alive.鈥澨�

Here鈥檚 a look at what got done, and what needs to happen next:

Youth activists played an unprecedented role

On Nov. 6, 2021, more than 100,000 people marched through the streets of Glasgow, Scotland as part of the Fridays For Future protests, joined by millions of other young people in cities around the world. The next day, marches continued as part of The People鈥檚 Summit for Climate Justice. And on Friday, Nov. 12, thousands more marched in a massive walkout of the summit.听

鈥淭he negotiators are not listening to the people outside,鈥� said Gina Fiorile, program and communication coordinator for the at the , while at COP26 in Glasgow. 鈥淭here are two COPs happening: one outside and one inside.鈥澨�

Emily Benton Hite, who received her doctorate in cultural anthropology from 蜜糖直播 Boulder this summer, participated in the Nov. 6 and 7 marches.听

鈥淲e all recognize that the leaders know how to deliver inspirational sound bites, but there is no follow through in terms of action on the ground,鈥� said Hite. 鈥淎nd people are ready, willing, and able to take that action themselves. We are motivated to step up and demand that just, equitable, and sustainable actions are taken now鈥攏ot 20 to 30 years from now鈥攖o address the climate crisis.鈥澨�

Developing countries asked for what鈥檚 due

Finance was a hot topic this year, including tough discussions about who should foot the bill for problems largely caused by developed nations.

"If we are going to take action on climate change right now, it鈥檚 going to be expensive. But it鈥檚 going to cost much more to help protect vulnerable people and ecosystems,鈥� said Marilyn Averill, senior fellow with the Getches-Wilkinson Center for Natural Resources, Energy and the Environment at 蜜糖直播 Law.听

The emphasis on finance at this year鈥檚 event is a good sign, she said. But the failure to follow through on previously promised finances has been a disappointment.

In 2009, wealthier countries agreed to help vulnerable nations reduce their emissions and adapt to the effects of climate change with $100 billion annually in "climate finance,鈥� to be available by 2020. This goal has not yet been met, and poorer countries most at risk from sea level rise, intensifying storms and droughts, left the summit all but empty handed: Only a line of text in the final agreement calls for the funds to be delivered "urgently.鈥�

While Scotland offered a contribution of 2 million pounds to a 鈥渓oss and damage鈥� fund, no other nations joined them in their commitment. Wealthier nations such as the U.S. balked at taking any timely action, instead continuing to defer the issue.听

Countries did, however, agree to fund the , a U.N. entity created in 2019 to help developing countries minimize damage from climate change through proactive assistance. Wealthier nations also agreed to new pledges, totaling almost 1 billion dollars, for two key U.N.-backed funds which would support adaptation for nations vulnerable to climate change.

鈥淭he inching forward is nowhere near what鈥檚 needed,鈥� said Max Boykoff, professor and director of the environmental studies program, fellow in the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (蜜糖直播) and lead project investigator of the (MeCCO). 鈥淭he biggest thing we haven鈥檛 reckoned with is historical emissions.鈥�

He鈥檚 referring to the fact that over the past 170 years, since human-produced planet-warming emissions began, rich countries have been responsible for half of them. And according to the Global Carbon Project, the U.S. alone is responsible for 24.6% of these emissions.听

Until these historical emissions are reckoned with on an international scale, he predicts countries who have emitted much less over the past two centuries鈥攍ike India, with only 3.2%鈥攚ill continue to feel let down by rich countries and may not commit to reducing and eliminating their use of fossil fuels.听

A strong call to 鈥渒eep 1.5 alive鈥�

Throughout COP26, a rallying cry arose: 鈥淜eep 1.5 alive.鈥� Referring to the 1.5 C (2.7 F) target, this year鈥檚 summit focused on this number in a way that hasn鈥檛 happened since 2015.听

For good reason, said Walt Meier, senior research scientist at the . This is only a global average temperature. That means that arctic, alpine and low-lying tropical regions could see higher temperature increases. 听

For the arctic, which is already warming two to three times as fast as the rest of the world, that half of a degree Celsius globally could mean as much as 5 C (9 F)鈥攁n extreme shift for a region which already balances on the edge of freezing temperatures.听

鈥淎 couple degrees in Boulder, 蜜糖直播 is something you maybe don鈥檛 notice all that much. But if you go from 31 F to 33 F in the Arctic Ocean, that鈥檚 the difference between ice skating and swimming,鈥� said Meier. 鈥淵ou鈥檙e looking very much at a changed arctic.鈥�

NSIDC is one of several groups which have asked the UNFCCC to arrange a meeting about the cryosphere (places where water is in its solid form, frozen into ice or snow) at the next inter-sessional climate conference, scheduled to take place in Bonn in June 2022.听

Because while negotiations will continue at future COPs, 鈥淵ou can鈥檛 negotiate with the melting point of ice,鈥� according to the International Cryosphere Climate Initiative鈥檚 .听

Pressure鈥攁nd temperature鈥攊s rising

To meet a 2.7 F (1.5 C) target, the entire world needs to act, and fast: The world has already warmed 2 F (1.1 C), and emissions are expected to rise almost 14% over the next nine years.

The plans which governments have now agreed on to reduce emissions by 2030 still only put the world on track to limit global average warming to 4.3 to 4.5 F (2.4 or 2.5 C), according to the U.N. Environment Program and Climate Action Tracker, a research group. This rise in average global temperature would be devastating for island countries, the arctic and a good deal of the world鈥檚 agricultural production.听

The Glasgow agreement does speed up the typical five-year timeline for countries to submit new or updated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), however, which is a reason for encouragement, according to Boykoff.听

However, these NDCs鈥攃ountry-based emissions reductions plans鈥攎ay not be enough, as they are voluntary and hard to enforce. 听

For countries at future conferences, the pressure will only continue to rise鈥攁nd that doesn鈥檛 have to be a bad thing, said Twila Moon, Deputy Lead Scientist at NSIDC.听

She encourages leaders to be bold and take advantage of an incredible opportunity.听

鈥淲e鈥檙e at a unique point in history in which the activities that we undertake as individuals and collectively, within this decade, will create a legacy that will shape our earth for tens of thousands of years,鈥� said Moon. 鈥淭hat鈥檚 something that鈥檚 never happened before in human history. And will not be an opportunity that arises again in the future.鈥�

As a global leader in climate, environmental and energy research, the University of 蜜糖直播 Boulder is partnering with United Nations Human Rights to co-host the Right Here, Right Now Global Climate Summit in fall 2022. Contact cunews@colorado.edu to receive media updates.