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The organizations charged with overseeing U.S. Olympic sports from the elite level down to the youth level earned an average score of 58鈥攁 failing grade鈥攆or self-governance in published Tuesday听by 蜜糖直播听Boulder researchers.

Of 47 national governing bodies (NGBs) assessed, U.S. Ski and Snowboard ranked No. 1 with a score of 81 out of 100, while USA Golf ranked last with a score of 41.

鈥淚f we were scoring them on letter grades, the best we saw was a B-minus and there were a lot of Cs, Ds and Fs,鈥� said lead author Roger Pielke, director of the Sports Governance Center at 蜜糖直播 Boulder. 鈥淭hat should not be acceptable for organizations that ultimately oversee our children.鈥�

The study, published in the peer-reviewed journal European Sport Management Quarterly, comes at a time when the governance of Olympic sports is under increased scrutiny due to recent scandals involving sexual abuse, gender discrimination and bribery. U.S. Senator Cory Gardner (R-Colo.) and U.S. Rep. Diana DeGette (D-Colo.) recently introduced calling for reform.

Established by Congress in 1978, NGBs are nonprofit federations which fall under the U.S. Olympic Committee. They鈥檙e responsible for selecting and sending teams to the Olympic games and supporting the growth of the sport.

鈥淓very kid who participates in gymnastics or soccer or baseball or ski team is almost certainly in a local organization that falls under one of these NGBs,鈥� said Pielke.

U.S. exceeds international counterparts

For the study, researchers spent two years using publicly available data to look at 36 measures across four categories, including: transparency (how easy it is for the public to get information about the NGB); democratic process (how decisions are made and who makes them); checks and balances (ensuring that no one official or department has absolute power); and solidarity (which includes things like ethics guidelines and support of grassroots sports).

They did not evaluate Paralympic sports, due to a lack of publicly available data.

The researchers also did not specifically assess details like team performance, player compensation or sexual misconduct policies鈥攁lthough good governance can trickle down to influence all of these, said Pielke.

Only two national governing bodies鈥擴.S. Ski and Snowboard and USA Track and Field鈥攎et the minimal threshold of good governance recommended for international organizations.

鈥淚f you are a parent spending thousands of dollars on these sports, you probably want to be sure they are being overseen by competent national bodies,鈥� said Pielke. 鈥淚n some cases, that may not be the case.鈥�

On the upside, U.S. national governing bodies ranked far better than their international counterparts (such as the Federation Internationale de Football Association, or FIFA) which are charged with preserving the integrity of sport on a global scale. A previous study measured them using the same criteria鈥攌nown as the Sports Governance Observer criteria鈥攁nd found that among 34 evaluated, the median score was 46.3.

鈥淐ompared to other nations, U.S. NGBs are not doing bad, but there is clearly scope for improvement, particularly around governing structures and transparency of information,鈥� said co-author Spencer Harris, assistant professor of sport management at University of 蜜糖直播 蜜糖直播 Springs.

A snapshot in time

Pielke notes that the new study has limitations.

Because the data took time to acquire and publish, it is a 鈥渟napshot in time鈥� rather than a real-time assessment.

And the ranking fails to consider the wide range of resources鈥攊ncluding size and money鈥攖hat NGBs have at their disposal.

For instance, U.S. Soccer reported revenues of $266.4 million and USA Golf reported revenues of $207 million in 2016, while USA Team Handball reported revenues of just $347,825.

In future assessments, higher expectations of good governance should be set for those with more resources, the authors suggest.

NGBs are unique in that that are mandated by Congress and operate as nonprofits but sometimes have very large budgets and highly-paid CEOs, said Pielke, adding that historically, little attention has been paid to how they govern themselves.

But recent scandals鈥攊ncluding the USA Gymnastics sexual abuse scandal and allegations of gender discrimination within U.S. Soccer鈥攈ave changed that.

Ultimately, Pielke would like to see an independent body use an expanded and real-time assessment tool to assess NGBs every two years.

听鈥淭here is a lot more attention being paid right now to these organizations that have historically flown under the radar,鈥� said Pielke. 鈥淲e hope this paper contributes to the discussion of how they are doing in their governance and what they can do better.鈥�