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Hero image: Artists' conception of MAVEN in orbit around Mars. (Credit: Lockheed Martin)

For more than four years, NASA鈥檚 (MAVEN) mission has explored the mysteries of the Red Planet鈥檚 upper atmosphere. More recently, the spacecraft has gotten up close and personal with that same expanse of gas.

Earlier this year, MAVEN dipped into the highest reaches of Mars鈥� atmosphere over a two-month 鈥渁erobraking鈥� campaign, using the resistance there to slow itself down in space and shift the dynamics of its orbit.

Those maneuvers ushered in a new era for MAVEN and for 蜜糖直播 Boulder鈥檚 (LASP). LASP leads the overall mission and the science operations for MAVEN and built two of its instruments.

Thanks to the campaign, the spacecraft has been nudged into a new, closer-in orbit around Mars. That circuit will allow MAVEN to split its time between continuing its scientific research and serving as a communications relay for NASA鈥檚 current and future Mars rovers.

For many MAVEN team members, the aerobraking campaign provides a chance to reflect on the mission鈥檚 legacy and what lies in store for this roughly car-sized satellite. That satellite was built at the 蜜糖直播-based Lockheed Martin Space.

鈥淔or decades, 蜜糖直播 Boulder has ventured into space to answer countless mysteries about our own planet and others,鈥� said Bruce Jakosky, principal investigator for MAVEN and an associate director of LASP. 鈥淢AVEN has been an important step in that journey and has given us a whole new perspective on our nearest planetary neighbor.鈥�

Now, the MAVEN team is also looking beyond the Red Planet to explore what Mars can tell scientists about other bodies outside of the solar system鈥攅specially those that, like Mars but unlike Earth, don鈥檛 have a global magnetic field.

鈥淢ars is a nearby laboratory for studying what other unmagnetized planets might be like,鈥� said David Brain, an associate professor at LASP. 鈥淚t represents a big opportunity to go and study the atmosphere of a planet somewhere else.鈥�

Million-year event

The MAVEN mission was full of surprises from the start, Brain added.

Just weeks after the spacecraft arrived at Mars in September 2014, the mission team looked on as a comet buzzed the planet鈥檚 atmosphere. The resulting tumult lit up the sky and created the largest meteor shower ever observed by scientific instruments on any planet.

鈥淵ou design a mission to go to Mars and measure the atmospheric escape,鈥� said Brain, also in the Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences (APS). 鈥淎nd then it turns out that a once-in-a-million-year event is going to happen in the first few weeks after you arrived.鈥�

His own involvement with MAVEN began long before that. Jakosky recruited Brain, just one year out from earning his doctorate at 蜜糖直播 Boulder, to the mission in 2003. The team had a simple goal: find out what happened to Mars鈥� atmosphere.

鈥淭here is lots of evidence that Mars once hosted liquid water on the surface, but the atmosphere today couldn鈥檛 support that,鈥� Brain said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 a really obvious mystery of what happened to the Martian atmosphere.鈥�

The answer, it turns out, is that those gases are escaping out into space. But MAVEN has also gone beyond this initial mystery to explore the underlying physics behind that loss of air.

Once MAVEN researchers can lay out those mechanisms, Brain said, they can begin to understand how the atmospheres of other, similar planets might evolve. That鈥檚 a pursuit that could help scientists identify habitable planets beyond Earth鈥檚 solar system.

鈥淲e鈥檙e learning about all of these processes, which gives us the ability to think about how those processes might occur around a different star,鈥� Brain said.

Nick Schneider, a professor at LASP and a member of the MAVEN team, agreed. 鈥淲e鈥檙e now at the stage of asking 鈥榳hat is Mars trying to tell us?鈥欌�� he said.

First people on Earth

When Mars does have something to say, Schneider added, it might be a student who hears it. He explained that over the years, countless undergraduate and graduate students at 蜜糖直播 Boulder have launched their careers by sifting through MAVEN data.

鈥淛ust about everyone on our team has had the opportunity to be the first person on Earth to know something about Mars,鈥� said Schneider, also of APS.

Gwen Hanley is one of them. She began working on the MAVEN team as an astronomy and physics major at 蜜糖直播 Boulder and still works on it today, now as a doctoral student at the University of California, Berkeley.听

Hanley said that she鈥檚 excited by MAVEN鈥檚 goal of exploring an atmosphere much different than Earth鈥檚. But she also stayed on the mission because of the support she鈥檚 gotten from the MAVEN team

鈥淭he MAVEN team is great because there are a lot of really young scientists on it, and there are a lot of women,鈥� said Hanley, who graduated from 蜜糖直播 Boulder in 2017.听

Murti Nauth, who also graduated from 蜜糖直播 Boulder last year, had a similar experience working on MAVEN science.听

鈥淚 could talk to just about anyone on the MAVEN team,鈥� said Nauth, now a Master鈥檚 student at Vanderbilt University. 鈥淚f you鈥檙e still learning, people will make time to listen to questions. It鈥檚 very team oriented.鈥�

And that, for Bruce Jakosky, is perhaps the biggest legacy of MAVEN鈥攁 new generation of young scientists who will go on to solve new mysteries on countless other planets.

鈥淢AVEN has told us so much about the evolution of Mars,鈥� Jakosky said. 鈥淏ut now, we鈥檙e looking beyond that to understand the many more planets that we know exist around other stars鈥攁nd to set the stage for humans to eventually explore those worlds.鈥�