Climate & Environment

��ֱ��’s snowpack lagging behind the 21st century average

Megan Maneval — Thu, 17 Apr 2025 20:47:23 +0000

��ֱ��’s snowpack lagging behind the 21st century average Megan Maneval Thu, 04/17/2025 - 14:47

INSTAAR

A new modeling tool from INSTAAR provides weekly snow-water equivalent estimates for the entire Western US. It has already caught the attention of local and regional water managers.

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Earth Day: 7 ways ��ֱ�� Boulder researchers are driving change

Anonymous — Thu, 17 Apr 2025 18:00:00 +0000

Earth Day: 7 ways ��ֱ�� Boulder researchers are driving change Anonymous (not verified) Thu, 04/17/2025 - 12:00

The theme of Earth Day 2025 is “Our Power, Our Planet.” ��ֱ�� Boulder researchers explore ways to pioneer new approaches to clean energy and much, much more. They crunch expansive datasets to provide the world with the best possible knowledge and research on the impacts of a changing climate. They develop technologies to reduce emissions and slow the rate of climate change.

Learn about some of ��ֱ�� Boulder's exciting research projects as you ponder the importance of Earth Day this year.

Editor's note: A version of this article was originally published in April 2024. It has been updated with new research in climate change and sustainability.

As AI explosion threatens progress on climate change, these researchers are seeking solutions

��ֱ�� Boulder engineers are exploring novel energy storage options and pinning down the best locations for future data centers to lower their climate impact.

Biodegradable nails make manicures more sustainable

A new kind of press-on nails comes in all shapes and colors—and when you’re done with them, you can melt them down and reuse the materials to make your next look.

What if your food had a carbon footprint and human rights label?

Assistant professor Zia Mehrabi wants you to know how what you eat impacts the planet—and other humans. He lays out his plan in a new paper.

Researchers take major step toward developing next-generation solar cells

A ��ֱ�� Boulder engineer and his international colleagues have discovered a new way to manufacture solar cells using perovskite semiconductors. It could lead to lower-cost, more efficient systems for powering homes, cars, boats and drones.

Can rocks produce abundant clean energy?

Geologists at ��ֱ�� Boulder will experiment with injecting water deep below Earth's surface in an effort to stimulate the production of hydrogen gas—a clean-burning fuel that could provide energy for the globe.

Cities of the future may be built with algae-grown limestone

The Living Materials Laboratory is scaling up the manufacture of carbon-neutral cement as well as cement products, which can slowly pull carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and store it.

Inspired by palm trees, scientists develop hurricane-resilient wind turbines

Results from real-world tests of a downwind turbine could inform and improve the wind energy industry in a world with intensifying hurricanes and a greater demand for renewable energy.

April 22 is Earth Day, and this year's theme is “Planet vs. Plastics.” Read about seven exciting research projects at ��ֱ�� Boulder as you ponder the importance of Earth Day.

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As AI explosion threatens progress on climate change, these researchers are seeking solutions

Yvaine Ye — Wed, 16 Apr 2025 19:09:34 +0000

As AI explosion threatens progress on climate change, these researchers are seeking solutions Yvaine Ye Wed, 04/16/2025 - 13:09

Yvaine Ye

The electricity needs of data centers, especially those powering artificial intelligence (AI), could double worldwide by 2030, according to a new report released this month from the International Energy Agency (IEA).

In the U.S., a major AI powerhouse, the forecast looks particularly stark. The IEA suggests that the country’s AI data centers will consume more power than the production of energy-intensive materials— including aluminum, steel, cement and chemicals combined— in the next five years.

This explosion in energy demand strains power grids and threatens progress toward the U.S. government’s goal of 100% carbon-free electricity by 2035, said Kyri Baker, associate professor in the Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering.

But Baker and her colleague, Bri-Mathias Hodge, professor in the Department of Electrical, Computer & Energy Engineering, are looking for solutions. They suggest that if future data centers are placed in the right location and equipped with energy storage technologies, they can run on 100% clean energy.

“We're still figuring out how AI data centers are going to impact the grid and emissions,” Baker said. “But one thing is certain: AI will continue to increase and be pervasive in our everyday lives. We need to start making plans to build and run these data center in a sustainable way.”

Conflicting demands

Much of the energy demand of AI data centers comes from training AI models, particularly the large ones that can write essays or mimic human conversations like ChatGPT, and cooling computer servers.

While asking ChatGPT a question can consume almost 10 times the amount of electricity as a simple Google search, that pales in comparison to the energy needed to train these models in the first place, according to the IEA.

Inside a data center. (Credit: Eimantas Buzas/Adobe Stock)

Today, a large-scale AI data center with a maximum power demand of 100 megawatts consumes roughly the same energy as 100,000 homes for a year, said Hodge.

“We want to lower emissions and cost, but also be competitive in AI research and development,” Baker said. “These are competing objectives, and it’s hard to say which one should dominate the other.”

Tech companies, who have to invest in costly specialized computer chips to train AI, often run these centers round-the-clock to maximize their return on investment. Because the wind doesn’t always blow, and the sun doesn’t always shine, they can’t rely solely on wind and solar power.

So some are turning to alternative sources. For example, Microsoft announced that it will use natural gas to power one of its data centers. Amazon recently purchased a data center next to a nuclear power plant.

But building natural gas and nuclear power plants is expensive and can take years. To meet the imminent demand, data center and grid operators are increasingly tempted to rely on fossil fuels, including coal, the most carbon-intensive option, notes Hodge.

In fact, rising demand has already delayed coal plant retirements across the country. In 2024, the U.S. retired only 4 gigawatts of coal-fired power generation capacity, a steep decline from the nearly 10 gigawatts retired annually over the past decade, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration.

“We're shooting after a moving target here with decarbonization,” Hodge said. “A couple years ago, we were talking about how to fulfill the additional demand from electric vehicles with renewables, and now we have this AI boom that immediately dwarfs EV power needs. We're not moving fast enough toward our climate goal, because the goalposts keep shifting.”

New technologies

Baker and Hodge, both fellows at the Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, are exploring solutions that can help fulfill massive power demands while safeguarding the grid and keeping carbon emissions targets in check.

They propose adding energy storage systems to the grid and data centers.

“Storage can help the grid become more resilient to power fluctuations,” Baker said.

“It also helps us lower emissions, because we can store excess renewables and use them later.”

Many states, including California and Texas, have been installing large lithium-ion batteries on the grid. But these batteries can only store enough power for up to four hours. Baker and Hodge are evaluating the costs and benefits of various storage devices that can last more than 10 hours, including hydrogen storage.

The idea is that when wind or solar produce more electricity than the grid can immediately use, utility companies can use the excess energy to split water into hydrogen and oxygen, and then store the hydrogen in large tanks. Later, when the power demand outpaces what’s generated, the hydrogen can react with oxygen to generate electricity, producing water as the byproduct and emitting no carbon.

These storage systems can also supplement nuclear or natural gas plants during outages or when they need to undergo maintenance.

For now, building energy storage facilities remains costly, so the team is calculating the most cost-effective mix of power sources and storage strategies.

“We're also looking at whether the storage facilities can sell electricity to the grid and potentially make some revenue, while at the same time providing services to the data centers,” Baker said.

New AI hubs

In addition, the team is exploring the best places to build future data centers, based on availability of renewable energy, water for cooling and existing power transmission infrastructure.

This can help lower the upfront costs for AI companies, avoid exhausting the grid and lower environmental impact, Hodge said.

“If you want to prevent the worst impacts of climate change, the power system is the very first thing we need to decarbonize. Many other industries, like concrete and steel manufacturing, are much harder. Unfortunately, we're still taking baby steps,” said Hodge.

Still, both researchers are hopeful that the right investments and policies can steer AI growth in a more sustainable direction.

Beyond the story

Our sustainability impact by the numbers:

First student-run campus environmental center in the U.S.
No. 11 university for environmental and social impact in the U.S.
First zero-waste major sports stadium in the U.S.

Follow ��ֱ�� Boulder on LinkedIn

��ֱ�� Boulder engineers are exploring novel energy storage options and pinning down the best locations for future data centers to lower their climate impact.

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Kyri Baker and Bri-Mathias Hodge. (Credit: Patrick Campbell/��ֱ�� Boulder)

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Kyri Baker and Bri-Mathias Hodge. (Credit: Patrick Campbell/��ֱ�� Boulder)

Desert reservoirs capture and store organic carbon, according to new research

Megan Maneval — Mon, 14 Apr 2025 14:39:19 +0000

Desert reservoirs capture and store organic carbon, according to new research Megan Maneval Mon, 04/14/2025 - 08:39

INSTAAR

Abby Eckland, Irina Overeem and collaborators investigate how a reservoir on the Rio Grande buries organic carbon beneath layers of sediment; they have found the process is amplified during drought and flash floods.

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Climate Innovation Collaboratory awards $1M to tackle key sustainability challenges

Megan Maneval — Mon, 14 Apr 2025 14:32:47 +0000

Climate Innovation Collaboratory awards $1M to tackle key sustainability challenges Megan Maneval Mon, 04/14/2025 - 08:32

Four novel research projects are being funded by the Climate Innovation Collaboratory, an ongoing alliance between Deloitte Consulting LLP and ��ֱ�� Boulder.

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Zero-emission vehicle adoption reduces air pollution, climate impact from transportation

Megan Maneval — Fri, 11 Apr 2025 19:58:29 +0000

Zero-emission vehicle adoption reduces air pollution, climate impact from transportation Megan Maneval Fri, 04/11/2025 - 13:58

��ֱ��

California’s “going zero” policy, which strives for 100% zero-emission passenger vehicle sales by 2035, will reduce ozone pollution and carbon dioxide emissions in Los Angeles, according to recent ��ֱ��-led work.

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When helping can hurt: How efforts to adapt to climate change can backfire for vulnerable populations

Yvaine Ye — Fri, 11 Apr 2025 15:05:14 +0000

When helping can hurt: How efforts to adapt to climate change can backfire for vulnerable populations Yvaine Ye Fri, 04/11/2025 - 09:05

Yvaine Ye

When Hurricane Helene made landfall in the southeastern U.S. last September, it brought record-breaking rainfall to states including North Carolina, dumping as much as 2 feet of water in some rural communities.

It was the deadliest hurricane to strike the U.S. mainland since 2005, killing more than 200 people. Despite authorities’ efforts to evacuate residents in the region, many people had no choice but to stay put, some due to a lack of resources or unwillingness to leave their homes or pets behind.

“Not everyone can respond the same to climate change,” said Karen Bailey, assistant professor in the Department of Environmental Studies. “There’s been a growing recognition that climate change disproportionally impacts marginalized communities, but our current strategies for adapting and mitigating risk from hazards could potentially exacerbate inequity.”

Bailey, who studies how climate change, and efforts to adapt to it, impact different populations, sat down with ��ֱ�� Boulder Today to share her insights.

Karen Bailey

How do different populations adapt differently to climate change?

People’s ability to adapt depends on many factors, from where they live to the resources available to them.

Low-income families, for example, may not be able to install ventilation systems to improve air quality after wildfires. In fire-prone areas, the ability to remove trees around a home depends on how much money the residents have or whether they own that property.

On a global scale, people in wealthy countries contribute the most to emissions that drive climate change, but those in low-income countries experience the worst consequences. For example, extreme heat has led to many deaths in South Asia, and the problem is worsened because of limited access to cooling devices.

You recently did a case study on a flood mitigation program in a rural community in the state of New York. What did you find?

In the Catskills region of southwestern New York, the government runs a flood mitigation program that buys out properties at high risk for flood damage. While the intent is to protect people and their property and reduce the risk of water pollution from flood-damaged structures, some community members who participated in the program told us they struggled to find affordable housing elsewhere. The buyout program also impacted the essential services the community had provided by potentially shutting down their local health clinic and putting the local grocery store at risk of relocation.

For this program, the primary metric of success that the authorities were using was how much land was bought up. They weren't really thinking about other potential benefits or harms associated with buying out property.

How do decision-makers balance the urgent need to prevent harm from natural disasters while considering the needs of different groups?

There's no easy answer to this question. Federal, state, and municipal authorities need to work quickly and provide resources to get people out of harm's way when emergencies like fires or hurricanes strike. But before, during, and after a hazard, it's important to have a planning process that asks: How can we help community members and ensure all of them continue to thrive despite these challenges?

Keep in mind that urgency is sometimes intentionally or unintentionally used to exclude people from conversations. We sometimes need to slow down these preparedness processes a little bit, so we can talk to more people and consider their diverse perspectives.

Define ‘equity’ in the context of climate change adaptation?

Broadly speaking, equity deals with fairness in the distribution of harms and benefits. While people may have different goals, can we still design systems that account for those differences?

Equity also deals with fairness in the decision-making process. Are we including the perspectives of the most impacted or marginalized communities? Are we making the processes open and transparent?

How do you respond to people who take issue with the term ‘equity?’

Last year, my team and I published a paper where we looked at prior research in this field and found scholars rarely define “equity” explicitly. This vagueness has made the concept more susceptible to politicization. People often attack “equity” based on their own interpretations, while we may mean something entirely different.

If people have concerns about “equity,” I would encourage them to look at what those advocating for equity and inclusion are actually doing. Are they making resources available? Are they communicating in different languages? Are they having programs that are open to and target marginalized communities?

I encourage them to reflect on whether these are truly the things they disagree with before arriving at a conclusion.

��ֱ�� Boulder Today regularly publishes Q&As with our faculty members weighing in on news topics through the lens of their scholarly expertise and research/creative work. The responses here reflect the knowledge and interpretations of the expert and should not be considered the university position on the issue. All publication content is subject to edits for clarity, brevity and university style guidelines.

As natural disasters become more frequent and intense, Environmental Studies Professor Karen Bailey wants policymakers to include a broader range of voices when making adaptation plans.

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Devastation in Asheville, North Carolina, after Hurricane Helene. (Credit: Bill McMannis)

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Devastation in Asheville, North Carolina, after Hurricane Helene. (Credit: Bill McMannis)

What if your food had a carbon footprint and human rights label?

Yvaine Ye — Wed, 09 Apr 2025 14:48:09 +0000

What if your food had a carbon footprint and human rights label? Yvaine Ye Wed, 04/09/2025 - 08:48

Yvaine Ye

Imagine walking into a grocery store where every product has a clear carbon label: “The making of a pound of beef produces 130 pounds, or 59 kilograms, of greenhouse gases and could ultimately take 2.3 hours off a human life by exacerbating climate change.”

Would these labels drive consumers to purchase food with a smaller carbon footprint and less negative impact on humans?

Zia Mehrabi wants to find out.

In a recent paper, published in the journal Nature Human Behavior, he and collaborator Ginni Braich, a senior data scientist at ��ֱ�� Boulder, use existing data on deaths per pound of greenhouse gases added to the atmosphere to calculate how much high-emission products like beef, gasoline, and flights shorten life expectancy worldwide. They call for regulators to mandate labels on these products and services, indicating their contributions to climate change and their impact on human well-being.

Zia Mehrabi

This policy could encourage consumers and food manufacturers to buy and produce food with smaller impacts, Mehrabi said.

He notes that the food industry, including production and transportation, emits a quarter of greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. The developing world, however, takes the brunt of the impact of climate change, including extreme heat, drought and flooding, and resulting damage to human health.

For example, prior research suggested that the U.S., one of the world’s top emitters, caused nearly $2 trillion in climate damage to other countries between 1990 and 2014, including $310 billion in losses to Brazil and $257 billion to India.

“If you compute the number of people who die or will die due to an additional ton of carbon in the atmosphere today, the majority of them are in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia,” said Mehrabi, assistant professor in the Department of Environmental Studies and director of the Better Planet Laboratory. “We are hoping to communicate those consequences with people through these labels and bring the human dimension into the climate dialogues.”

Ahead of Earth Day 2025, Mehrabi shared his take on adding carbon labels to certain products.

Are there any carbon labels in use now?

Some companies are offering carbon labels on products. For example, if you use Google Flights to search, it will tell you the emissions associated with that flight. If you are a consumer who cares about the environment, the label might influence what products you buy. Unilever also puts labels on products showing their carbon footprints.

What are some problems with the current carbon labels?

For everyday citizens, even me as a scientist, it's very hard to contextualize what that emission number actually means in a real-world sense. How are 273 pounds of carbon emitted flying from Denver to Los Angeles going to impact ecosystems? How is that going to impact people in different parts of the world?

What if, instead, you knew that taking a transatlantic flight would end up removing 16 hours of someone else's life due to the impact of climate change? Or that eating a kilogram of steak costs more than five hours of someone else’s life?

These are tangible impacts, that the products we consume and the services we use are directly stripping life from other people.

An example cigarette package label (left). A food label that illustrates human effects of climate change (right). (Credit: Zia Mehrabi/��ֱ�� Boulder)

Why is incorporating human impacts in these labels important?

It's an undeniable fact that the key perpetrators of climate change are the ones who feel the impacts the least, and the ones who are most affected are the people who have contributed least to the problem.

Embed human rights in that labeling so that you don't just know the number of greenhouse gas emissions that are associated with it, you also know the number of people that were impacted and how.

As consumers, as members of the public, and as citizens of our country and our world, we should have access to such information.

Should we put the burden of addressing climate change on individuals?

With these labels, consumers are not the main target. We want to drive the companies, the food manufacturers for example, to make changes.

If we can mandate such labels on high-emission food products, companies would be incentivized to reduce emissions elsewhere in their supply chain to compensate for the carbon-intensive products they sell to avoid those labels.

There are many solutions for reconfiguring the supply chain, so that the product is better for the environment. For example, there are more climate-friendly ways to farm food, using cleaner forms of energy. We have many of these solutions in the world right now. But producers, manufacturers and retailers are not really pressured in any way to take action.

What would the rollout look like?

There is needed discussion on how such labels should be rolled out. ��ֱ�� 90% of the projected emissions over the next 50 years will come from the top 10% income earners of society. This indicates high-income brackets of society might be targeted.

According to the United Nations resolution on the human right to a healthy environment, everyone has a right to access a clean, healthy and sustainable environment.

To do this companies need to change their practices, and they need to be forced to do this through regulation.

Could steps like this really slow down climate change?

I think carbon labeling, when incorporating human rights impacts, opens an opportunity for individuals to affect change through the choices they make. More critically, it can pressure companies toward more sustainable practices.

There is a lot of evidence that such labels work in practice in other domains, like high sugar labeling and tobacco labels.

There is a massive gap between what we need to do to tackle climate change, and what is actually being done in the world. We need all of our tools at our disposal. And we need ones that elicit rapid and radical change.

Assistant professor Zia Mehrabi wants you to know how what you eat impacts the planet—and other humans. He lays out his plan in a new paper.

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Thawing the mysteries of ancient climate changes

Megan Maneval — Thu, 03 Apr 2025 20:11:59 +0000

Thawing the mysteries of ancient climate changes Megan Maneval Thu, 04/03/2025 - 14:11

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A new study from Chloe Brashear, Tyler Jones and others suggests abrupt warming events were preceded by periods of unusually stable temperatures during the last ice age. The researchers point toward shifting sea ice as a potential driver of the phenomenon.

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Drone experiment reveals how Greenland ice sheet is changing

Yvaine Ye — Thu, 27 Mar 2025 14:54:06 +0000

Drone experiment reveals how Greenland ice sheet is changing Yvaine Ye Thu, 03/27/2025 - 08:54

Yvaine Ye

For the first time, researchers have collected detailed measurements of water vapor high above the surface of the Greenland ice sheet. Their research, aided by a custom-designed drone, could help scientists improve ice loss calculations in rapidly warming polar regions.

Kevin Rozmiarek (Credit: Hayley Bennett)

“We will be able to understand how water moves in and out of Greenland in the next few years,” said first author Kevin Rozmiarek, a doctoral student at the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR) at ��ֱ�� Boulder. “As a major freshwater reservoir, we need to understand how Greenland’s environment is going to change in the future.”

The findings were published March 14 in JGR Atmospheres.

According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Greenland lost about 55 gigatons of ice and snow between fall 2023 and fall 2024. The island is shedding ice for the 28th year in a row, and scientists estimate that it has lost more than 5 trillion tons of ice since 1992.

The Greenland ice sheet contains about 8% of the planet’s freshwater, and its meltwater could contribute significantly to rising sea levels, changing ocean circulation and ecosystems worldwide.

The majority of ice loss comes from large ice chunks breaking off from glaciers and the melting of surface ice and snow. Sublimation, the process of solids turning into gases without turning into liquids first, may also play a role. Prior studies have suggested that in some parts of Greenland, about 30% of summer surface snow could sublimate to water vapor.

A drone landed on the Greenland snow surface at EastGRIP. (Credit: Ole Zeising/Alfred-Wegener-Institute)

Tracking water in the sky

It is unclear where the water vapor goes, said Rozmiarek, who's also a student in the Department of Geological Sciences. Some might fall back down as snow or recondense on the surface later, but some could leave Greenland’s water system entirely.

Collecting air samples in the Arctic is an expensive and technically challenging task, because it traditionally involves flying a plane to the middle of an ice sheet in harsh weather and carrying air samples back to the laboratory.

Rozmiarek and his team overcame the challenges by loading air sampling equipment on a large drone with a 10-foot wingspan.

Throughout the summer of 2022, the team flew the drone 104 times from the East Greenland Ice-Core Project camp—managed by the University of Copenhagen— in the island’s interior. The drone collected air samples at different heights of up to nearly 5,000 feet above the ground.

The team aimed to look into the type of hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the air’s water vapor. Water molecules from different sources contain distinct combinations of hydrogen and oxygen. Scientists call these variations in isotopes.

A launched drone bound for collecting air samples for isotopic analysis at EastGRIP, Greenland. (Credit: Ole Zeising/Alfred-Wegener-Institute)

“Isotopes are water’s fingerprints. By following these fingerprints, we can trace back to the source where the water vapor came from,” Rozmiarek said. Scientists have collected high-quality data on the source of water in Greenland, including water that flows from the tropics, and the sink, which is the surface snow on the Greenland ice sheet. “But we don’t know much about the isotopic composition of water in motion, which is the vapor between the source and sink,” he added.

When the team compared their drone-based measurements with an existing computer simulation that models the Arctic water cycle, they found the simulation underestimated the amount of precipitation that fell on Greenland. By incorporating the isotopic data observed in the simulation, the model rendered an accurate prediction of how water moves over Greenland.

“It’s really important to be able to predict what’s going to happen to Greenland in the warming world as accurately as possible,” Rozmiarek said. “We demonstrated how useful water vapor isotope data is by successfully improving an existing model.”

Melting ice sheet

��ֱ�� 125,000 years ago, when Earth was warmer than preindustrial levels, Greenland was covered by a significantly smaller ice sheet, and the sea level was as much as 19 feet higher than today. As the planet continues to warm, the Greenland ice sheet could see dramatic changes and even shrink to its size back then, Rozmiarek said.

The Greenland ice sheet contains a massive amount of freshwater, and that water, if leaving the system, could lead to significant increases in global sea level. The United Nations estimated that rising sea levels caused by climate change currently impact 1 billion people worldwide.

Rozmiarek hopes to return to Greenland and other parts of the Arctic to conduct more flights and gather additional data.

“It’s like we just figured out how to discover fingerprints at a crime scene. This is a concrete step forward in understanding where water is going and where it is coming from in this important system at a time when we need it most,” he said.

Beyond the story

Our sustainability impact by the numbers:

First student-run campus environmental center in the U.S.
No. 11 university for environmental and social impact in the U.S.
First zero-waste major sports stadium in the U.S.

Follow ��ֱ�� Boulder on LinkedIn

A ��ֱ�� Boulder-led study measured water vapor in Greenland’s air, collecting data crucial for improving climate models and forecasting Arctic changes.

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A drone landed on the Greenland snow surface at EastGRIP.(Credit: Kevin Rozmiarek/��ֱ�� Boulder)

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A drone landed on the Greenland snow surface at EastGRIP.(Credit: Kevin Rozmiarek/��ֱ�� Boulder)

Climate & Environment

����ֱ��’s snowpack lagging behind the 21st century average

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Could steps like this really slow down climate change?

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