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Fiske program weds ancient archaeology and astronomy with the latest technology

Having captured the summer solstice and a week’s worth of sunsets, sunrises and their lunar equivalents from the vantage point of ancient Chacoan people in southwestern ����ֱ��, using parabolic video technology, a multi-disciplinary team from the University of ����ֱ�� Boulder counted its June 2015 trip a success.

But it wasn’t until they got back to Boulder that the team discovered a truly unexpected gem: A mesmerizing show by the Aurora Borealis, which rarely dips so far south.

Fiske Video Producer Thor Metzinger shooting at Chimney Rock National Monument. Photo by Bill Hanson. Click on picture for larger image.

“We were photographing kivas” — Chacoan religious structures — “that are oriented with the axis pointed to the north,” says J. McKim Malville, professor emeritus of astrophysical and planetary sciences. “The cameras were set up automatically to run all night.”

Back at ����ֱ��, one of the crew going over the time-lapse footage at a major kiva noticed that something was flickering in the sky. A check of records from solar monitors confirmed that a blast of activity, a coronal mass ejection, had created spectacular auroral displays across North America that night.

“It’s extraordinary; we have time-lapse photography at the Great Kiva in Pueblo Bonito with the aurora lighting the sky behind it,” says Erica Ellingson, associate professor of astrophysical and planetary sciences.

The unexpected aurora created a connection across hundreds of years to the Chacoans, who left behind a petroglyph of an explosion blowing off part of the solar corona during a total solar eclipse of July 11, 1097. Some of these so-called coronal mass ejections cause aurora on the Earth.

And here’s good news for anyone who loves deserts, stars and ancient peoples: The aurora footage will be part of an upcoming program at newly renovated Fiske Planetarium on the archaeological astronomy of the ancient Chacoan people. Between the full-dome photography and the planetarium’s high-res, 8,000-pixel dome, audience members will be stunned by the realism of the space.

“We can show fully spherical movies on the dome. The feeling is going to be pretty similar to standing there at the site,” says Ellingson, who is writing and producing the show, along with Fiske creative director Thor Metzinger.

Steven Lekson, professor of anthropology and curator of anthropology at the ����ֱ�� Museum of Natural History, provided archaeological expertise for the team.

The program, supported by a technology grant from ����ֱ��’s ASSETT teaching with technology program and IMPART program for multi-cultural programming, can trace its roots to a struggling student 30 years ago in Malville’s introductory astronomy course.

To improve his grade, Mark Nuepert asked if he could write a paper about a stone that was oriented to the sun at the Yellow Jacket Ruin in southwest ����ֱ��. Neupert had attended an archaeology field school at Yellow Jacket let by the legendary ����ֱ�� archaeologist Joe Ben Wheat.

Not only did he write the paper, but he took his professor out there, studied the ruin more thoroughly with him, and jointly presented a paper at a meeting of the American Astronomical Society.

Encouraged by Malville, Neupert went on to graduate magna cum laude from ����ֱ�� and obtain a PhD in archaeology. Malville was also transformed by that experience, which inspired him to create a new course, Ancient Astronomies of the World, and begin taking more students into the field.

The Chacoan, or Ancestral Puebloan, people lived in the in southwestern ����ֱ�� and northern New Mexico as early as 600 A.D. In the 11th century, they began building structures, known as Great Houses and Great Kivas, some of which were based on the movements on the sun, moon and stars. The Great House and kiva built on the high mesa at Chimney Rock Pueblo, for example, were at a place where the moon could be observed appearing between its two natural spires on an 18-year cycle, a fact discovered by Malville in 1988, and observed by him and his students, probably for the first time since the site had been abandoned some 900 years earlier.

“I had calculated that the moon would come up through the chimneys sometime on the night of Aug. 8,” he says. Sure enough, it did, and he correctly predicted that the conjunction would not occur again until 2004.

Later he discovered that tree dates confirmed that the buildings had been constructed in the 11thcentury at the times when the moon made its appearance between the chimneys. “Many important discoveries made in Chaco, Mesa Verde and Chimney Rock have been by my team of ����ֱ�� students, mostly undergraduates.”

When the U.S. secretaries of the interior and agriculture came to designate Chimney Rock a national monument in 2012 — partly in recognition of discoveries by Malville, Lekson and ����ֱ�� students — a local brewery created a special brew, Ancestor Ale, with a label that featured the moonrise between the spires.

The moon will not rise between the chimneys for another seven years, but the Fiske team filmed multiple alignments between the sun and stars and archaeological ruins at Chimney Rock, Aztec National Monument, Salmon Ruins and Chaco Culture National Historical Park. These alignments, visible only at the summer solstice, show how the Chacoans created intimate connections between their world and the sky.

The week-long shoot was grueling, as the team battled blazing summer temperatures, torrential rainstorms and long hikes into the desert laden with heavy gear. They rose each day at 3:45 a.m. to load up and drive to make that day’s sunrise shoot. They often worked until close to midnight, after filming sunset and setting up the cameras for all-night filming.

Ellingson was enthralled by the experience: “It was exhausting, but being in these places, watching the sun rise, was one of the most extraordinary experiences I’ve ever had.”

Ellingson, who is now teaching Ancient Astronomies of the World, will present the premier program on March 11. She is now working with ����ֱ��-Boulder crowd-funding staff to raise funds to create a version of a show that will be shared with other planetariums worldwide.

“It’s fascinating that ancient people, a thousand years ago, were watching the same skies with great detail and attention, right in our back yard,” Ellingson says. “We’re really excited to bring those stories to light at Fiske.”

The Fiske production is scheduled to be the subject of a crowdfunding campaign later this spring. For more information on Fiske Planetarium, click . 

Clay Evans is a free-lance writer and longtime Boulder journalist.